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These polymers are also very different from the copolymers of the present invention.

Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.).

It is preferred that polymers of the invention, andor the itaconate and related monomers are obtained from bio-renewable sources.

However they have not been widely used to make commercial vinyl polymers because they are expensive and often difficult to process.

The applicant has surprisingly discovered that itaconate ester monomers may be incorporated into polymers of the invention in the manner described herein.

The resultant itaconate polymer may then be chemically modified after initial polymerisation in a further step (also referred to herein as post modification) to form further polymers which may exhibit useful properties.

The anhydride groups may react with nucleophilic groups in a post modification step after completion of the first polymerization step.

The post modified polymers may be used as a binder andor as a stabilizer andor seed in an optional further polymerisation step.

Until now it has been found to be very difficult to produce such polymers in practise.

Itaconate monomers that contain a single additional functional group (such as for instance an amic acid with one acid group and one amide group) have been described in the literature as being difficult to prepare due to isomerization of the itaconate moiety to the less reactive citraconate moiety.

Although it is a stated object of the invention to provide a vinyl polymer with a high total concentration of itaconate ester monomers (see page 2, lines 14 to 17) in practise the larger proportion of such itaconate esters are lower itaconate esters (i.e.

DMI).

This document does not teach that it would be desirable to use a high concentration of higher itaconate esters (i.e.

DBI).

Indeed 417 states that itaonate esters are difficult to process (see page 2, lines 23 to 25) which combined with the teaching of the examples demotivates a reader to incorporated large amounts of hydrophobic higher itaconate esters like DBI in a copolymer.

The only examples in 417 that describe use of a DBI monomer are.

A styrene chaser monomer is always present in the final product (at least 1,5 wt-).

These examples teach away from using DBI or other higher itaconate esters to replace common hydrophobic monomers such as BA, EHA andor styrene.

The copolymerization is performed as precipitation polymerization at a temperature of between 50 and 180 C.

EP106991 (BASF) describes similar polymers where the copolymerization is performed at a temperature of between 50 and 180 C as suspension polymerization in an organic solvent.

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A skilled reader would have no reason to post-modify these polymers and would not know how to do so.

From Table II the itaconate copolymers (prior to modification) of Milanoic contain between 12.86 to 66.47 mol of itaconic anhydride (ITA).

These coatings are thus of no practical use and the paper teaches a.

The paper also discloses that alkanols can react with polyitaconic anhydride to produce poly(dialkyl itaconate).

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